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People · provenance

Who actually wrote the rails machine money runs on

Four authors on the identity spec, three bylines on the payment protocol, one name on both. Organisations as at the time of the work, and no follower counts anywhere.

Agentic Finance Graph · Published 2026-09-12 · Roles as of public sources through September 2026 · ~1,400 words

Direct answer ERC-8004 was authored by Marco De Rossi (MetaMask), Davide Crapis (Ethereum Foundation), Jordan Ellis (Google) and Erik Reppel (Coinbase). x402 was launched by Erik Reppel, Nemil Dalal and Dan Kim at Coinbase on 6 May 2025. A2A was published by Google with Rao Surapaneni as its public owner, and donated to the Linux Foundation on 23 June 2025. Reppel is the only name on both the identity spec and the payment protocol.

The people who built the rails of the machine economy are not, for the most part, the people whose names appear in agent-token threads. This page lists the ones who signed a specification or shipped the reference implementation, with the organisation they were at when they did the work.

Two things are deliberately absent. There are no follower counts, because a follower count is not evidence of authorship. And Agentic Finance Graph does not appear on any of these lists — we index this stack, we did not write it.

Identity and trust — ERC-8004

Posted to Ethereum Magicians on 13 August 2025 as Trustless Agents. Three registries: Identity (an ERC-721 with a URI), Reputation, and Validation. It requires EIPs 155, 712, 721 and 1271, and it was written as a trust layer on top of A2A rather than as a competitor to it.

ERC-8004 authors, with the organisation each was at during the work.
PersonOrgWhat they put their name on
Marco De RossiMetaMask (AI lead)ERC-8004 author. His public framing: a catalog of agents on-chain — a catalog, not an app store.
Davide CrapisEthereum FoundationERC-8004 author, listed on the spec at an ethereum.org address.
Jordan EllisGoogleERC-8004 author. The reason identity was designed as an extension of A2A trust rather than a parallel scheme.
Erik ReppelCoinbase Developer PlatformERC-8004 author and the x402 launch. The single overlap between the passport and the payment.

The registries live at deterministic CREATE2 addresses across EVM mainnets: identity at 0x8004A169FB4a3325136EB29fA0ceB6D2e539a432, reputation at 0x8004BAa17C55a88189AE136b182e5fdA19dE9b63. What those registries do, and what they do not prove →

Payments — x402

Published 6 May 2025 by Coinbase Developer Platform, moved toward neutrality with Cloudflare in September 2025, and operational under the Linux Foundation from 14 July 2026 with forty members.

x402: the launch byline and the institutions that made it a rail.
Person or bodyOrgWhat
Erik ReppelCoinbaseEngineering lead on CDP; the public voice of x402 and a co-author of its whitepaper.
Nemil DalalCoinbasex402 launch byline, 6 May 2025.
Dan KimCoinbasex402 launch byline, 6 May 2025.
—CloudflareWired 402 into its Agents SDK and MCP hosts, and co-started the foundation conversation in September 2025.
—Linux FoundationSteward of the x402 project from 2026 — and of A2A from 2025. Neither Google nor Coinbase owns the handshake or the 402.

The full x402 story, from reserved status code to forty-member foundation →

Talk — A2A and MCP

The two protocols agents use to reach tools and each other.
Person or bodyOrgWhat
Rao SurapaneniGoogle Cloud, Business ApplicationsPublic owner of the Agent2Agent launch, 9 April 2025, with fifty-plus partners.
Mike Smith, Alan Blount, Kassandra Dhillon, Daryl Ducharme, April Kyle NassiGoogle open-source notesNamed contributors on the A2A anniversary post.
—AnthropicThe Model Context Protocol, November 2024. Published at the organisation level; the protocol outgrew any one byline.

How the two protocols differ, and why confusing them rots an architecture →

Marketplaces and stacks

Operators of the places where agent work is hired.
PersonOrgWhat
Jansen TengVirtuals ProtocolCo-founder and CEO. PathDAO in 2021 became Virtuals; the Agent Commerce Protocol is the job cycle on top.
Wee Kee TiewVirtuals ProtocolCo-founder.
Humayun SheikhFetch.ai; chair of the ASI AllianceFounder and CEO from 2017, and an early DeepMind investor.
Toby Simpson, Thomas HainFetch.aiCo-founders, Cambridge, 2017.
Ben GoertzelSingularityNETThe AGI lineage inside the ASI Alliance story. Not part of the ERC-8004 story.
David MinarschValory / OlasCambridge game theory, then head of multi-agent systems at Fetch, then the AEA framework and Olas. The cleanest academic-to-product line in the sector.
Shaw WaltersEliza LabsThe Eliza framework and the ai16z saga. In 2026: building the software without a ticker.

Wallets and policy

Wallet-vendor engineering leads rotate, and attaching the wrong name to a shipped product is a worse error than attaching none. So this layer is cited by product: MetaMask's delegation framework and its ERC-7710 scoped-spend work, Coinbase CDP session keys and in-place EOA upgrade, Alchemy's modular-account 7702 implementation and wallet_createSession, Safe's account abstraction, and AmbireAccount7702.

The exception is Marco De Rossi, who signed ERC-8004 while leading AI at MetaMask — which is why the same organisation appears in both the identity row and the wallet row. What 7702 actually changes about who holds the key →

Language, which is not a protocol

Where the words came from. None of these is a specification.
PersonWhenWhat
Andrew NgMarch 2024Popularised agentic as a spectrum rather than a yes-or-no, at Sequoia.
Michael Wooldridge, Nick Jennings and the AAMAS generation1990s–2000sMulti-agent systems as an academic field, decades before a chain existed to settle on.
Tim Berners-Lee and the HTTP working group1990sReserved status code 402, and left it unused.

The full history, dated →

How this list is maintained

  • A person appears only if they are named on a public specification, a launch post, or an organisation's own contributor notes.
  • Organisations are given as at the time of the work, not as of today.
  • Token holders, treasury sizes and follower counts are not authorship and do not appear.
  • Corrections are welcome and are made in place with the date changed — write to us.

Questions people actually ask

Who wrote ERC-8004?
Marco De Rossi of MetaMask, Davide Crapis of the Ethereum Foundation, Jordan Ellis of Google, and Erik Reppel of Coinbase Developer Platform. It was posted to Ethereum Magicians on 13 August 2025 as Trustless Agents, and defines three registries: identity, reputation and validation.
Who created x402?
Coinbase Developer Platform published it on 6 May 2025, with Erik Reppel, Nemil Dalal and Dan Kim on the launch byline. Cloudflare joined the foundation path in September 2025, and the Linux Foundation has stewarded the project since 2026.
Is the same person behind both ERC-8004 and x402?
Erik Reppel is on both. He is an author of ERC-8004 and the public engineering voice of x402 at Coinbase. That overlap is why the identity spec and the payment protocol fit together rather than competing: the passport was designed knowing how the payment works.
Who is behind Fetch.ai, Virtuals and Olas?
Fetch.ai was founded in Cambridge in 2017 by Humayun Sheikh, Toby Simpson and Thomas Hain. Virtuals Protocol was co-founded by Jansen Teng and Wee Kee Tiew, growing out of PathDAO. Olas comes from Valory, founded by David Minarsch, who previously led multi-agent systems at Fetch.
Did Agentic Finance Graph write any of these specifications?
No. We index this stack and we did not write it. Our own work is the join and the qualifier — binding an identity to a wallet, and deciding what counts as a live economic actor. The specifications belong to the people listed on this page.